For Wednesday, finish ch. 10.
Next assignment
Problems of coordination, complexity, and control
What is implementation?
Presidents talk about solving domestic problems but states & localities do most of the domestic policy implementation (Edwards 314-315). Discuss examples.
COVID
Types of Federal Bureaucracies
| Cabinet Departments | 15 major executive departments responsible for broad policy areas, headed by a Secretary in the President's Cabinet. | Departments of State, Defense, Treasury, Education. |
| Independent Executive Agencies | Agencies outside the Cabinet departments, usually focusing on specific missions, reporting directly to the President. | NASA, CIA, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). |
| Independent Regulatory Commissions | Agencies that regulate specific industries or parts of the economy, officially free from political influence. | Federal Reserve System, FCC, Federal Trade Commission (FTC). |
| Government Corporations | Agencies that perform services that the private sector could do, but are government-run for public benefit. | Amtrak, U.S. Postal Service, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). |
Redundancy, Duplication, and Overlap
GAO: "Services funded under the Older Americans Act of 1965 (OAA), as amended, overlap with 36 other federal programs but do not duplicate the social services and assistance they provide to older adults, according to GAO’s analysis. GAO found that these programs differ in the population served, goals and services provided, or both. The overlapping programs can complement OAA-funded services, for example by providing more specialized services relevant to an agency’s expertise. The areas of need served by these programs include health, nutrition, transportation, and employment. Nine departments and agencies administer the 36 non-OAA programs, which indicates there is fragmentation of services for older adults."
Administrative Procedure Act: rules for rulemaking
Federal civilian employees
| Category | Approx. Number | Share of Workforce | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Career Civil Service | ~2,050,000 | ~99% | Core bureaucracy |
| SES (career + political) | ~8,800 | <0.5% | Senior managers |
| Political Appointees | ~4,000 | ~0.2% | Leadership layer |
| Schedule F (proposed) | ~50,000 | ~2–3% (if enacted) | Would come from civil service |
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